1979 Revolution: Black Friday

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Parents need to know that 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is a downloadable adventure that's a retelling of the events in Iran that year, which led to the overthrow of Iran's Shah Reza Pahlavi, a monarch backed by America and other Western powers. It's meant to be educational in a broad sense, by giving a personal and historical perspective that typically doesn't get much play in Western mainstream media. 1979 Revolution: Black Friday Description. 1979 Revolution: Black Friday developed and published by iNK Studios, with assistance from by N-Fusion Interactive. This game was released on April 5, 2016 for Microsoft Windows and OS X, and on June 10, 2016 for iOS devices. The year is 1978, the place is Tehran, Iran. 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is an interactive drama video game developed by Digerati Distribution. The game is based on true stories and historical events that took place during 1978 and 1979. You'll play as a photojournalist as you're pulled into the revolution. Based on true stories and historical events, 1979 Revolution: Black Friday is an interactive drama about choice and consequence, chaos and order. The year is 1978, the place is Tehran, Iran. You play a photojournalist who returns home to find his people protesting the ruling King, the Shah.

Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه‎, romanized: Jom'e-ye Siyāh) is the name given to an incident occurring on 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar) in Iran,^[7] in which at least 100^[8][9] people were shot dead and 205 injured by the Pahlavi military in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله‎, romanized: Meydān-e Jāleh) in Tehran.^[10][11] The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any 'hope for compromise' between the protest movement and regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.^[12] The incident is described by historian Ervand Abrahamian as 'a sea of blood between the shah and the people.'^[2]

Background[edit]

As protests against the Shah's rule continued during the spring and the summer of 1978, the Iranian government declared martial law. On 8 September, thousands gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration, unaware that the government had declared martial law a day earlier.^[13]

Massacre[edit]

A crowd of the protesters had gathered in Jaleh square, Tehran, who were surrounded by the army. The gathering was shot at indiscriminately by the army leading to death of numerous people.^[14]

Aftermath[edit]

Black Friday is thought to have marked the point of no return for the revolution, and it led to the abolition of Iran's monarchy less than a year later. It is also believed that Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalizing the protest movement, uniting the opposition to the Shah and mobilized the masses. Initially, opposition and western journalists claimed that the Iranian army had massacred thousands of protesters.^[1][15][16] The clerical leadership announced that 'thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops'.^[17]

The events triggered protests that continued for another four months. The day after Black Friday, Amir-Abbas Hoveyda resigned as minister of court for unrelated reasons.

A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, 'sealing the Shah's fate'.^[18] The continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving Iran in January 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^{[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]}

Legacy[edit]

Initially, Western media and opposition reported '15,000 dead and wounded', but Iranian government officials reported that 86 people had died in Tehran in the whole day.^{[26][page needed][27]} French social theorist Michel Foucault first reported that 2,000 to 3,000 people had died in the Jaleh Square, and he later raised that number to 4,000.^[1] The BBC's correspondent in Iran, Andrew Whitley, reported that hundreds had died.^[28]

According to Emadeddin Baghi, a former researcher at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid, part of the current Iranian government, which compensates families of victims) hired 'to make sense of the data' on those killed on Black Friday, 64 were killed in Jaleh Square on Black Friday, with two females: one woman and a young girl. On the same day in other parts of the capital, 24 people died in clashes with martial law forces, with one female, making the total casualties on the same day to 88 deaths.^[1] Another source puts the Martyrs Foundation tabulation of dead at 84 during that day.^[29]

The square's name was later changed to the Square of Martyrs (Maidan-e Shohada) by the Islamic republic.^[16]

Since the 2000s, some former Pahlavi dynasty politicians have suggested greater ambiguity in the situation, in particular the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Iran, who they believe were agitators.^{[30][31][page needed]}

In art[edit]

In Persian[edit]

1979 Revolution Black Friday Game

In 1978 shortly after the massacre, the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh set Siavash Kasraie's poem about the event to music. Mohammad Reza Shajarian sang the piece 'Jāleh Khun Shod' (Jaleh [Square] became bloody).^[32]

In English[edit]

Nastaran Akhavan, one of the survivors, wrote the book Spared about the event. The book explains how the author was forced into a massive wave of thousands of angry protesters, who were later massacred by the Shah's military.^[33] The 2016 adventure video game1979 Revolution: Black Friday is based on the event. The game is directed by Navid Khonsari, who was a child at the time of the revolution and admitted he did not have a realistic view of what was taking place. Khonsari described creating the game as '[wanting] people to feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution – of feeling that you could possibly make a change.'^[34]

See also[edit]

A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, 'sealing the Shah's fate'.^[18] The continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving Iran in January 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^{[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]}

Legacy[edit]

Initially, Western media and opposition reported '15,000 dead and wounded', but Iranian government officials reported that 86 people had died in Tehran in the whole day.^{[26][page needed][27]} French social theorist Michel Foucault first reported that 2,000 to 3,000 people had died in the Jaleh Square, and he later raised that number to 4,000.^[1] The BBC's correspondent in Iran, Andrew Whitley, reported that hundreds had died.^[28]

According to Emadeddin Baghi, a former researcher at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid, part of the current Iranian government, which compensates families of victims) hired 'to make sense of the data' on those killed on Black Friday, 64 were killed in Jaleh Square on Black Friday, with two females: one woman and a young girl. On the same day in other parts of the capital, 24 people died in clashes with martial law forces, with one female, making the total casualties on the same day to 88 deaths.^[1] Another source puts the Martyrs Foundation tabulation of dead at 84 during that day.^[29]

The square's name was later changed to the Square of Martyrs (Maidan-e Shohada) by the Islamic republic.^[16]

Since the 2000s, some former Pahlavi dynasty politicians have suggested greater ambiguity in the situation, in particular the presence of Palestinian guerrillas in Iran, who they believe were agitators.^{[30][31][page needed]}

In art[edit]

In Persian[edit]

1979 Revolution Black Friday Game

In 1978 shortly after the massacre, the Iranian musician Hossein Alizadeh set Siavash Kasraie's poem about the event to music. Mohammad Reza Shajarian sang the piece 'Jāleh Khun Shod' (Jaleh [Square] became bloody).^[32]

In English[edit]

Nastaran Akhavan, one of the survivors, wrote the book Spared about the event. The book explains how the author was forced into a massive wave of thousands of angry protesters, who were later massacred by the Shah's military.^[33] The 2016 adventure video game1979 Revolution: Black Friday is based on the event. The game is directed by Navid Khonsari, who was a child at the time of the revolution and admitted he did not have a realistic view of what was taking place. Khonsari described creating the game as '[wanting] people to feel the passion and the elation of being in the revolution – of feeling that you could possibly make a change.'^[34]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1979 Revolution Black Friday Walkthrough

1. ^ ^abcd'A Question of Numbers'.
2. ^ ^abShakman Hurd, Elizabeth (2009). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-1400828012.
3. ^Berg-Sørensen, Anders (2016). Contesting Secularism: Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN9781317160243.
4. ^Thiessen, Mark (2008). An Island of Stability: The Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Dutch Opinion. Sidestone Press. ISBN9789088900198.
5. ^ ^ab'Emad Baghi :: English'. emadbaghi.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
6. ^Andrew Scott Cooper,The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – 19 July 2016 ISBN0805098976
7. ^Abrahamian, Ervand (21 July 1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 516. ISBN978-0691101347. black friday iran.
8. ^Razipour, Suzanne Maloney and Keian (24 January 2019). 'The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events'. Brookings. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
9. ^'Timeline of the Iranian revolution'. Reuters. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
10. ^Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. ISBN9781136820892.
11. ^Fischer, Michael M. J. (15 July 2003). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN9780299184735.
12. ^Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1
13. ^Bakhash, Schaul (1990). The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Basic Books. p. 15.
14. ^Abrahamian, Ervand (23 August 2018). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-107-19834-0.
15. ^'Islamic Revolution of Iran'. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
16. ^ ^ab'Black Friday'. Archived from the original on 20 May 2003.
17. ^Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 223.
18. ^Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 189.
19. ^The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. 292–293
20. ^Seven Events That Made America America, Larry Schweikart, p.
21. ^The Iranian Revolution of 1978/1979 and How Western Newspapers Reported It, Edgar Klüsener, p. 12
22. ^Cultural History After Foucault, John Neubauer, p. 64
23. ^Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society, by Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, p. 264
24. ^The A to Z of Iran, John H. Lorentz, p. 63
25. ^Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212
26. ^Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 1919–1980. (1980). Answer to History. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Co. ISBN0-7720-1296-2. OCLC11080339.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah (2003) Answer to History Irwin Pub, page 160, ISBN978-0772012968
28. ^'Black Friday Massacre – Iran (SEp. 8 1978)'. Retrieved 7 June 2013
29. ^E. Baqi, 'Figures for the Dead in the Revolution', Emruz, 30 July 2003, quoted in Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 160–1
30. ^Ganji, Manouchehr (2002). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-275-97187-8.
31. ^Cooper, Andrew Scott (2 August 2016). The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran. Macmillan. ISBN978-0-8050-9897-6.
32. ^Staff writers. 'Jales became bloody'. asriran.com. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
33. ^Akhavan, Nastaran (3 May 2012). Spared. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN978-1463619428.
34. ^Holpuch, Amanda (14 November 2013). 'Frag-counter revolutionaries: Iran 1979 revolution-based video game to launch'. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

1979 Revolution Black Friday Review